Определите функцию инфинитива в предложениях. Ответы указывайте в том порядке, в котором инфинитив встречается в предложении. Варианты ответа могут повторяться.
To wait for people who were late made him angry.
Определите функцию инфинитива в предложениях. Ответы указывайте в том порядке, в котором инфинитив встречается в предложении. Варианты ответа могут повторяться.
My first impulse was to put the letter into my pocket.
Определите функцию инфинитива в предложениях. Ответы указывайте в том порядке, в котором инфинитив встречается в предложении. Варианты ответа могут повторяться.
The first person to come out of the house was my friend.
Определите функцию инфинитива в предложениях. Ответы указывайте в том порядке, в котором инфинитив встречается в предложении. Варианты ответа могут повторяться.
He hastened to the city to perform the most difficult part of the task he had undertaken.
Определите функцию инфинитива в предложениях. Ответы указывайте в том порядке, в котором инфинитив встречается в предложении. Варианты ответа могут повторяться.
I told him to go there.
Определите функцию инфинитива в предложениях. Ответы указывайте в том порядке, в котором инфинитив встречается в предложении. Варианты ответа могут повторяться.
It was late, so we decided to take a taxi.
Определите функцию инфинитива в предложениях. Ответы указывайте в том порядке, в котором инфинитив встречается в предложении. Варианты ответа могут повторяться.
The secretary to be spoken to will be back in a few minutes.
Определите функцию инфинитива в предложениях. Ответы указывайте в том порядке, в котором инфинитив встречается в предложении. Варианты ответа могут повторяться.
Great beacon lights had been set up to guide flyers on their way, and within a few months the mail planes flew day and night
Определите функцию инфинитива в предложениях. Ответы указывайте в том порядке, в котором инфинитив встречается в предложении. Варианты ответа могут повторяться.
There is only one thing to be said about this matter: I was completely mistaken.
Определите функцию инфинитива в предложениях. Ответы указывайте в том порядке, в котором инфинитив встречается в предложении. Варианты ответа могут повторяться.
I am sorry to have caused you so much trouble.
Определите функцию инфинитива в предложениях. Ответы указывайте в том порядке, в котором инфинитив встречается в предложении. Варианты ответа могут повторяться.
To translate this text without a dictionary is difficult for him, the text containing too many unknown words.
Определите функцию инфинитива в предложениях. Ответы указывайте в том порядке, в котором инфинитив встречается в предложении. Варианты ответа могут повторяться.
We hope to have finished the job by next Saturday.
Определите функцию инфинитива в предложениях. Ответы указывайте в том порядке, в котором инфинитив встречается в предложении. Варианты ответа могут повторяться.
He asked me to wait a little.
Определите функцию инфинитива в предложениях. Ответы указывайте в том порядке, в котором инфинитив встречается в предложении. Варианты ответа могут повторяться.
A problem to be solved by a computer must be expressed in mathematical terms.
Определите функцию инфинитива в предложениях. Ответы указывайте в том порядке, в котором инфинитив встречается в предложении. Варианты ответа могут повторяться.
The purpose of this computer is to calculate data.
Определите функцию инфинитива в предложениях. Ответы указывайте в том порядке, в котором инфинитив встречается в предложении. Варианты ответа могут повторяться.
Programming a computer involves analyzing the problem to be solved and a plan to solve it.
Определите функцию инфинитива в предложениях. Ответы указывайте в том порядке, в котором инфинитив встречается в предложении. Варианты ответа могут повторяться.
To produce these goods requires a lot of time .
Определите функцию инфинитива в предложениях. Ответы указывайте в том порядке, в котором инфинитив встречается в предложении. Варианты ответа могут повторяться.
There was a lot of traffic, but we managed to get to the airport in time.
Определите функцию инфинитива в предложениях. Ответы указывайте в том порядке, в котором инфинитив встречается в предложении. Варианты ответа могут повторяться.
He came to London to look for work.
Определите функцию инфинитива в предложениях. Ответы указывайте в том порядке, в котором инфинитив встречается в предложении. Варианты ответа могут повторяться.
She ordered her son to open the window.
Определите функцию инфинитива в предложениях. Ответы указывайте в том порядке, в котором инфинитив встречается в предложении. Варианты ответа могут повторяться.
The system should be designed to meet information requirements.
Определите функцию инфинитива в предложениях. Ответы указывайте в том порядке, в котором инфинитив встречается в предложении. Варианты ответа могут повторяться.
To make a correct decision is difficult.
Определите функцию инфинитива в предложениях. Ответы указывайте в том порядке, в котором инфинитив встречается в предложении. Варианты ответа могут повторяться.
We have no desire to order these goods.
Определите функцию инфинитива в предложениях. Ответы указывайте в том порядке, в котором инфинитив встречается в предложении. Варианты ответа могут повторяться.
Our plan is to learn German in Austria.
Определите функцию инфинитива в предложениях. Ответы указывайте в том порядке, в котором инфинитив встречается в предложении. Варианты ответа могут повторяться.
He is always the first to come to the Institute.
К подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции подберите русский перевод:
The work to be done is quite interesting.
К подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции подберите русский перевод:
To explain the problem he drew diagrams on the blackboard.
К подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции подберите русский перевод:
I hope he is sensible enough to cut his losses now.
К подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции подберите русский перевод:
I want to be informed of her arrival.
К подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции подберите русский перевод:
To meet him at the airport I had to get up early.
К подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции подберите русский перевод:
They were lucky to have noticed the mistake in time.
К подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции подберите русский перевод:
The agreementto be signed this week is of paramount importance for our company.
К подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции подберите русский перевод:
To fulfil this condition was out of my power.
К подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции подберите русский перевод:
It was a chance not to be missed.
К подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции подберите русский перевод:
She claims to have read his diary.
К подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции подберите русский перевод:
They showed us a list of books to be sold at the exhibition.
К подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции подберите русский перевод:
He liked to be asked questions.
К подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции подберите русский перевод:
The matter will be discussed at the meeting to be held on May 15.
К подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции подберите русский перевод:
To understand the importance of this event you should know all the facts.
К подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции подберите русский перевод:
The consideration seems important enough notto be ignored.
К подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции подберите русский перевод:
Не was pleased to have been made such an offer.
К подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции подберите русский перевод:
То see the performance we had to buy tickets in advance.
К подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции подберите русский перевод:
She gave us a list of books to be read.
К подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции подберите русский перевод:
The book is small enough to be carried in the pocket.
К подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции подберите русский перевод:
Не was proud to have helped his friend.
К подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции подберите русский перевод:
The amount to be paid includes the cost of packing.
К подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции подберите русский перевод:
I hired a taxi so as not to miss the train.
К подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции подберите русский перевод:
It was a matter to be thought over and decided upon.
К подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции подберите русский перевод:
I am glad to have met him before his departure.
К подчеркнутой грамматической конструкции подберите русский перевод:
То know the subject well you should study it thoroughly.
Определите тип инфинитивного оборота в следующих предложениях:
We expect him to come tomorrow with his sister.
Определите тип инфинитивного оборота в следующих предложениях:
All the members of the committee are reported to have been enthusiastic about the plan.
Определите тип инфинитивного оборота в следующих предложениях:
At present the only thing for you to do is to work systematically.
Определите тип инфинитивного оборота в следующих предложениях:
He is supposed to be one of the greatest writers of our time.
Определите тип инфинитивного оборота в следующих предложениях:
My purpose is to describe all the parts of this engine in detail for you to understand what a complicated mechanism it is.
Определите тип инфинитивного оборота в следующих предложениях:
The years he had spent abroad seemed to have taught him a lot.
Определите тип инфинитивного оборота в следующих предложениях:
He heard the woman say something to her son.
Определите тип инфинитивного оборота в следующих предложениях:
We supposed all the details of the plan to have been explained to you long ago.
Определите тип инфинитивного оборота в следующих предложениях:
It is necessary for the goods to be packed in cases.
Определите тип инфинитивного оборота в следующих предложениях:
These students are known to have passed all the exams successfully.
Определите тип инфинитивного оборота в следующих предложениях:
It was evident she didn’t want me to know the truth.
Определите тип инфинитивного оборота в следующих предложениях:
The text was too difficult for him to translate without a dictionary.
Определите тип инфинитивного оборота в следующих предложениях:
They seem to have learned all the rules.
Определите тип инфинитивного оборота в следующих предложениях:
I would like him to settle the matter.
Определите тип инфинитивного оборота в следующих предложениях:
The football team is likely to arrive tonight.
Определите тип инфинитивного оборота в следующих предложениях:
It was too late for the children to go for a walk.
Определите тип инфинитивного оборота в следующих предложениях:
We believe his conclusion to be wrong.
Определите тип инфинитивного оборота в следующих предложениях:
The economy of the country seems to be improving.
Определите тип инфинитивного оборота в следующих предложениях:
I don’t want the problem to be discussed without me.
Определите тип инфинитивного оборота в следующих предложениях:
It is difficult for us to do the work in such a short time.
Определите тип инфинитивного оборота в следующих предложениях:
We would like his idea to be supported.
Определите тип инфинитивного оборота в следующих предложениях:
They are sure to return soon.
Определите тип инфинитивного оборота в следующих предложениях:
It is easy for you to say that.
Определите тип инфинитивного оборота в следующих предложениях:
He seems to be speaking too slowly.
Определите тип инфинитивного оборота в следующих предложениях:
We expected her to reserve accommodation for us.
Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению: I would like you to do me a favour.
Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению:He is considered to be one of the best experts in this field.
Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению:I expect his article to be published.
Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению:They are said to have been conducting negotiations for a long time.
Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению:He was believed to be working at the report.
Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению:We saw her entering the hall.
Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению:He is said to have given up smoking.
Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению:We believe them to follow our advice.
Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению:This method is known to have given good results.
Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению:She is said to be taking part in the discussion.
Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению:I want you to tell us the main idea of your design.
Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению:I believe him to have adjusted himself to the new circumstances.
Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению:They don’t want him to be asked about it.
Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению:He was reported to arrive in the evening.
Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению:I would like you to give me a hand with this translation.
Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению:The partners are known to have come to an agreement.
Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению:We saw them signing the paper.
Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению:He seemed to have gained all he wanted.
Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению:I’d very much like it to be made clear to everyone.
Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению:They are said to be raising the prices.
Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению:He is sure to make his report on Friday.
Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению:We wanted her to get familiar with the plan as a whole.
Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению:She seems to be working in a reference library.
Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению:He was said to know several foreign languages.
Выберите русское предложение, наиболее точно соответствующее по смыслу английскому предложению:She didn’t expect them to come so late.
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In marketing, as in the rest of life, there is much to learn from history. Postmortems of marketing failures are important factors in making decisions about the future. The spectrum of marketing failures ranges from inadequate return on the original investment to corporate bankruptсy.
As production techniques and marketing systems become more sophisticated, cross-cultural trading increases. As people of different cultures become more dependent on each other for their living standards, they appreciate the need for peace and stability. Commu¬nication and transportation systems have created a small world, in a marketing sense. Every year more and more firms, even relatively small ones, enter the international market. The problems encountered there are significantly different from those encountered in domestic operations. Marketers are accustomed to risk-taking; but in interna¬tional dealings the dimensions of these risks are often misjudged and misunderstood.
The emergence of the multinational corporation (МNС) is of major significance in the future of marketing. Many firms that entered the export business in a modest way eventually became fully commit¬ted to an international perspective. The two basic roles of these MNCs are the transmission of resources, especially technological and managerial skills, and organization of the economic activities of several nations. Global approaches to economic decisions often differ with the aims of specific countries. There may be resistance to multinational activities for reasons of nationalism, control, and the extraction of profits
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Studying marketing failures …
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In marketing, as in the rest of life, there is much to learn from history. Postmortems of marketing failures are important factors in making decisions about the future. The spectrum of marketing failures ranges from inadequate return on the original investment to corporate bankruptсy.
As production techniques and marketing systems become more sophisticated, cross-cultural trading increases. As people of different cultures become more dependent on each other for their living standards, they appreciate the need for peace and stability. Commu¬nication and transportation systems have created a small world, in a marketing sense. Every year more and more firms, even relatively small ones, enter the international market. The problems encountered there are significantly different from those encountered in domestic operations. Marketers are accustomed to risk-taking; but in interna¬tional dealings the dimensions of these risks are often misjudged and misunderstood.
The emergence of the multinational corporation (МNС) is of major significance in the future of marketing. Many firms that entered the export business in a modest way eventually became fully commit¬ted to an international perspective. The two basic roles of these MNCs are the transmission of resources, especially technological and managerial skills, and organization of the economic activities of several nations. Global approaches to economic decisions often differ with the aims of specific countries. There may be resistance to multinational activities for reasons of nationalism, control, and the extraction of profits
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The current trend in marketing is …
Прочитайте предложенный текст:
In marketing, as in the rest of life, there is much to learn from history. Postmortems of marketing failures are important factors in making decisions about the future. The spectrum of marketing failures ranges from inadequate return on the original investment to corporate bankruptсy.
As production techniques and marketing systems become more sophisticated, cross-cultural trading increases. As people of different cultures become more dependent on each other for their living standards, they appreciate the need for peace and stability. Commu¬nication and transportation systems have created a small world, in a marketing sense. Every year more and more firms, even relatively small ones, enter the international market. The problems encountered there are significantly different from those encountered in domestic operations. Marketers are accustomed to risk-taking; but in interna¬tional dealings the dimensions of these risks are often misjudged and misunderstood.
The emergence of the multinational corporation (МNС) is of major significance in the future of marketing. Many firms that entered the export business in a modest way eventually became fully commit¬ted to an international perspective. The two basic roles of these MNCs are the transmission of resources, especially technological and managerial skills, and organization of the economic activities of several nations. Global approaches to economic decisions often differ with the aims of specific countries. There may be resistance to multinational activities for reasons of nationalism, control, and the extraction of profits
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Domestic marketing problems and international marketing problems are…
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In marketing, as in the rest of life, there is much to learn from history. Postmortems of marketing failures are important factors in making decisions about the future. The spectrum of marketing failures ranges from inadequate return on the original investment to corporate bankruptсy.
As production techniques and marketing systems become more sophisticated, cross-cultural trading increases. As people of different cultures become more dependent on each other for their living standards, they appreciate the need for peace and stability. Commu¬nication and transportation systems have created a small world, in a marketing sense. Every year more and more firms, even relatively small ones, enter the international market. The problems encountered there are significantly different from those encountered in domestic operations. Marketers are accustomed to risk-taking; but in interna¬tional dealings the dimensions of these risks are often misjudged and misunderstood.
The emergence of the multinational corporation (МNС) is of major significance in the future of marketing. Many firms that entered the export business in a modest way eventually became fully commit¬ted to an international perspective. The two basic roles of these MNCs are the transmission of resources, especially technological and managerial skills, and organization of the economic activities of several nations. Global approaches to economic decisions often differ with the aims of specific countries. There may be resistance to multinational activities for reasons of nationalism, control, and the extraction of profits
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One of the basic roles of the multinational corporation is …
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Most well-run organizations attempt to develop and follow strategies, large-scale action plans for interacting with the environment in order to achieve long-term goals. A comprehensive statement of an organization’s strategies, along with its mission and goals, constitutes an organization’s strategic plan. To learn where such strategies originate and how they are put in action, we need to examine carefully an aspect of the planning function called strategic management. Strategic management is a process through which managers formulate and implement strategies geared to optimizing strategic goal achievement, given available environmental and internal conditions. This definition recognizes that strategic management is oriented toward reaching long-term goals, weighs important environmental elements, considers major internal characteristics of the organization, and involves developing specific strategies.
The strategic management process is made up of several major components. The process begins with identifying the organization’s mission and strategic goals. The process also includes analyzing the competitive situation, taking into consideration both the external environment and relevant organizational factors. The part of the strategic management process that includes identifying the mission and strategic goals, conducting competitive analysis, and developing specific strategies is often referred to as strategy formulation. In contrast, the part of the strategic management process that focuses on carrying out strategic plans and maintaining control over how those plans are carried out is known as strategy implementation. Strategy implementation is increasingly highlighted as a distinct part of the strategic management process because even the most brilliantly formulated strategies must be implemented effectively in order to reach strategic goals.
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Strategic management …
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Most well-run organizations attempt to develop and follow strategies, large-scale action plans for interacting with the environment in order to achieve long-term goals. A comprehensive statement of an organization’s strategies, along with its mission and goals, constitutes an organization’s strategic plan. To learn where such strategies originate and how they are put in action, we need to examine carefully an aspect of the planning function called strategic management. Strategic management is a process through which managers formulate and implement strategies geared to optimizing strategic goal achievement, given available environmental and internal conditions. This definition recognizes that strategic management is oriented toward reaching long-term goals, weighs important environmental elements, considers major internal characteristics of the organization, and involves developing specific strategies.
The strategic management process is made up of several major components. The process begins with identifying the organization’s mission and strategic goals. The process also includes analyzing the competitive situation, taking into consideration both the external environment and relevant organizational factors. The part of the strategic management process that includes identifying the mission and strategic goals, conducting competitive analysis, and developing specific strategies is often referred to as strategy formulation. In contrast, the part of the strategic management process that focuses on carrying out strategic plans and maintaining control over how those plans are carried out is known as strategy implementation. Strategy implementation is increasingly highlighted as a distinct part of the strategic management process because even the most brilliantly formulated strategies must be implemented effectively in order to reach strategic goals.
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Strategy formulation …
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Most well-run organizations attempt to develop and follow strategies, large-scale action plans for interacting with the environment in order to achieve long-term goals. A comprehensive statement of an organization’s strategies, along with its mission and goals, constitutes an organization’s strategic plan. To learn where such strategies originate and how they are put in action, we need to examine carefully an aspect of the planning function called strategic management. Strategic management is a process through which managers formulate and implement strategies geared to optimizing strategic goal achievement, given available environmental and internal conditions. This definition recognizes that strategic management is oriented toward reaching long-term goals, weighs important environmental elements, considers major internal characteristics of the organization, and involves developing specific strategies.
The strategic management process is made up of several major components. The process begins with identifying the organization’s mission and strategic goals. The process also includes analyzing the competitive situation, taking into consideration both the external environment and relevant organizational factors. The part of the strategic management process that includes identifying the mission and strategic goals, conducting competitive analysis, and developing specific strategies is often referred to as strategy formulation. In contrast, the part of the strategic management process that focuses on carrying out strategic plans and maintaining control over how those plans are carried out is known as strategy implementation. Strategy implementation is increasingly highlighted as a distinct part of the strategic management process because even the most brilliantly formulated strategies must be implemented effectively in order to reach strategic goals.
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A strategic plan is…
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Most well-run organizations attempt to develop and follow strategies, large-scale action plans for interacting with the environment in order to achieve long-term goals. A comprehensive statement of an organization’s strategies, along with its mission and goals, constitutes an organization’s strategic plan. To learn where such strategies originate and how they are put in action, we need to examine carefully an aspect of the planning function called strategic management. Strategic management is a process through which managers formulate and implement strategies geared to optimizing strategic goal achievement, given available environmental and internal conditions. This definition recognizes that strategic management is oriented toward reaching long-term goals, weighs important environmental elements, considers major internal characteristics of the organization, and involves developing specific strategies.
The strategic management process is made up of several major components. The process begins with identifying the organization’s mission and strategic goals. The process also includes analyzing the competitive situation, taking into consideration both the external environment and relevant organizational factors. The part of the strategic management process that includes identifying the mission and strategic goals, conducting competitive analysis, and developing specific strategies is often referred to as strategy formulation. In contrast, the part of the strategic management process that focuses on carrying out strategic plans and maintaining control over how those plans are carried out is known as strategy implementation. Strategy implementation is increasingly highlighted as a distinct part of the strategic management process because even the most brilliantly formulated strategies must be implemented effectively in order to reach strategic goals.
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Strategic management process includes …
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In carrying out management functions, such as planning, organizing, motivating and controlling, a manager will be continually making decisions. Decision-making is a key management responsibility.
Some decisions are of the routine kind. They are decisions which are made fairly quickly and are based on judgement. Since a manager is experienced, he knows what to do in certain situations. He does not have to think too much before taking action. For example, a supervisor in a supermarket may decide, on the spot, to give a refund to a customer who has brought a product. The manager does not have to gather a great deal of additional information before making the decision.
Other decisions are often intuitive ones. They are not really rational. The manager may have a hunch or a gut feeling that a certain course of action is the right one. He will follow that hunch and act accordingly. Thus, when looking for an agent in an overseas market, a sales manager may have several companies to choose from. However, he may go for one organization simply because he feels it would be the most suitable agent. Such a decision is based on hunch, rather than rational thought.
Many decisions are more difficult to make since they involve problem-solving. Very often they are strategic decisions involving major courses of action which will affect the future direction of the enterprise. To make good decisions the manager should be able to select, rationally, a course of action. In practice, decisions are usually made in circumstances which are not ideal. They must be made quickly, with insufficient information. It is probably rare that a manager can make an entirely rational decision.
When a complex problem arises, like where to locate a factory or which new product to develop, the manager has to collect facts and weigh up courses of action. He must be systematic in dealing with the problem. A useful approach to this sort of decision –making is as follows: the process consists of four phases:
1)defining the problem;
2)analyzing and collecting information;
3)working out options and
4)deciding on the best solutions.
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Managerial decisions are …
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In carrying out management functions, such as planning, organizing, motivating and controlling, a manager will be continually making decisions. Decision-making is a key management responsibility.
Some decisions are of the routine kind. They are decisions which are made fairly quickly and are based on judgement. Since a manager is experienced, he knows what to do in certain situations. He does not have to think too much before taking action. For example, a supervisor in a supermarket may decide, on the spot, to give a refund to a customer who has brought a product. The manager does not have to gather a great deal of additional information before making the decision.
Other decisions are often intuitive ones. They are not really rational. The manager may have a hunch or a gut feeling that a certain course of action is the right one. He will follow that hunch and act accordingly. Thus, when looking for an agent in an overseas market, a sales manager may have several companies to choose from. However, he may go for one organization simply because he feels it would be the most suitable agent. Such a decision is based on hunch, rather than rational thought.
Many decisions are more difficult to make since they involve problem-solving. Very often they are strategic decisions involving major courses of action which will affect the future direction of the enterprise. To make good decisions the manager should be able to select, rationally, a course of action. In practice, decisions are usually made in circumstances which are not ideal. They must be made quickly, with insufficient information. It is probably rare that a manager can make an entirely rational decision.
When a complex problem arises, like where to locate a factory or which new product to develop, the manager has to collect facts and weigh up courses of action. He must be systematic in dealing with the problem. A useful approach to this sort of decision –making is as follows: the process consists of four phases:
1)defining the problem;
2)analyzing and collecting information;
3)working out options and
4)deciding on the best solutions.
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The key task of a manager is …
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In carrying out management functions, such as planning, organizing, motivating and controlling, a manager will be continually making decisions. Decision-making is a key management responsibility.
Some decisions are of the routine kind. They are decisions which are made fairly quickly and are based on judgement. Since a manager is experienced, he knows what to do in certain situations. He does not have to think too much before taking action. For example, a supervisor in a supermarket may decide, on the spot, to give a refund to a customer who has brought a product. The manager does not have to gather a great deal of additional information before making the decision.
Other decisions are often intuitive ones. They are not really rational. The manager may have a hunch or a gut feeling that a certain course of action is the right one. He will follow that hunch and act accordingly. Thus, when looking for an agent in an overseas market, a sales manager may have several companies to choose from. However, he may go for one organization simply because he feels it would be the most suitable agent. Such a decision is based on hunch, rather than rational thought.
Many decisions are more difficult to make since they involve problem-solving. Very often they are strategic decisions involving major courses of action which will affect the future direction of the enterprise. To make good decisions the manager should be able to select, rationally, a course of action. In practice, decisions are usually made in circumstances which are not ideal. They must be made quickly, with insufficient information. It is probably rare that a manager can make an entirely rational decision.
When a complex problem arises, like where to locate a factory or which new product to develop, the manager has to collect facts and weigh up courses of action. He must be systematic in dealing with the problem. A useful approach to this sort of decision –making is as follows: the process consists of four phases:
1)defining the problem;
2)analyzing and collecting information;
3)working out options and
4)deciding on the best solutions.
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While sorting out a complex problem a manager must …
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In carrying out management functions, such as planning, organizing, motivating and controlling, a manager will be continually making decisions. Decision-making is a key management responsibility.
Some decisions are of the routine kind. They are decisions which are made fairly quickly and are based on judgement. Since a manager is experienced, he knows what to do in certain situations. He does not have to think too much before taking action. For example, a supervisor in a supermarket may decide, on the spot, to give a refund to a customer who has brought a product. The manager does not have to gather a great deal of additional information before making the decision.
Other decisions are often intuitive ones. They are not really rational. The manager may have a hunch or a gut feeling that a certain course of action is the right one. He will follow that hunch and act accordingly. Thus, when looking for an agent in an overseas market, a sales manager may have several companies to choose from. However, he may go for one organization simply because he feels it would be the most suitable agent. Such a decision is based on hunch, rather than rational thought.
Many decisions are more difficult to make since they involve problem-solving. Very often they are strategic decisions involving major courses of action which will affect the future direction of the enterprise. To make good decisions the manager should be able to select, rationally, a course of action. In practice, decisions are usually made in circumstances which are not ideal. They must be made quickly, with insufficient information. It is probably rare that a manager can make an entirely rational decision.
When a complex problem arises, like where to locate a factory or which new product to develop, the manager has to collect facts and weigh up courses of action. He must be systematic in dealing with the problem. A useful approach to this sort of decision –making is as follows: the process consists of four phases:
1)defining the problem;
2)analyzing and collecting information;
3)working out options and
4)deciding on the best solutions.
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Decision-making …
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Price, along with product, place, and promotion, are the variables that the marketing manager controls. Pricing is extremely important since it so directly affects an organization`s sales and profits. Naturally, profit objectives will guide pricing decisions. The marketing manager has to decide whether to maximize profits or establish a target return. A particular target might be a certain percentage return on sales or a certain percentage return on investment or, for a small family operation, the return might be a fixed dollar amount of profit to cover overhead and living expenses. With any objective, the time factor is crucial. What is an appropriate objective for the short-term may not be for the long-term and vice-versa.
Marketers are concerned with all the factors affecting price, in order to keep their products from faring poorly in a widely variable atmosphere. Even in service areas such as passenger fares and freight rates, where detailed prices are printed and distributed, influences may cause fluctuation. The marketing manager knows that the costs of the separate elements of the marketing mix can be recovered by proper pricing. The cost of the product itself—the promotion and selling associated with it, the distribution expenses, and profit — are all directly related to price. Thus price knits together the elements of the marketing mix and pays for their respective contributions. The marketing manager must analyze and reconcile the various elements of those variables which influence price, and must then decide on an optimal price policy.
The most fundamental part of any marketing analysis is the recognition of the competitive structure of the industry. Where there are many competitors offering the same type of product, price competition will be active. When there are great numbers of similar offerings, products tend to lose their individuality. Then differentia¬tion becomes difficult, and marketers have little discretionary power to influence prices. It is in this circumstance that marketers and mer¬chants alike look to sales techniques. Disposing of goods at reduced prices draws attention to the specific brand, in the hope that customers will continue to buy when prices return to «normal.»
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Pricing decisions are guided by …
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Price, along with product, place, and promotion, are the variables that the marketing manager controls. Pricing is extremely important since it so directly affects an organization`s sales and profits. Naturally, profit objectives will guide pricing decisions. The marketing manager has to decide whether to maximize profits or establish a target return. A particular target might be a certain percentage return on sales or a certain percentage return on investment or, for a small family operation, the return might be a fixed dollar amount of profit to cover overhead and living expenses. With any objective, the time factor is crucial. What is an appropriate objective for the short-term may not be for the long-term and vice-versa.
Marketers are concerned with all the factors affecting price, in order to keep their products from faring poorly in a widely variable atmosphere. Even in service areas such as passenger fares and freight rates, where detailed prices are printed and distributed, influences may cause fluctuation. The marketing manager knows that the costs of the separate elements of the marketing mix can be recovered by proper pricing. The cost of the product itself—the promotion and selling associated with it, the distribution expenses, and profit — are all directly related to price. Thus price knits together the elements of the marketing mix and pays for their respective contributions. The marketing manager must analyze and reconcile the various elements of those variables which influence price, and must then decide on an optimal price policy.
The most fundamental part of any marketing analysis is the recognition of the competitive structure of the industry. Where there are many competitors offering the same type of product, price competition will be active. When there are great numbers of similar offerings, products tend to lose their individuality. Then differentia¬tion becomes difficult, and marketers have little discretionary power to influence prices. It is in this circumstance that marketers and mer¬chants alike look to sales techniques. Disposing of goods at reduced prices draws attention to the specific brand, in the hope that customers will continue to buy when prices return to «normal.»
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A target return is …
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Price, along with product, place, and promotion, are the variables that the marketing manager controls. Pricing is extremely important since it so directly affects an organization`s sales and profits. Naturally, profit objectives will guide pricing decisions. The marketing manager has to decide whether to maximize profits or establish a target return. A particular target might be a certain percentage return on sales or a certain percentage return on investment or, for a small family operation, the return might be a fixed dollar amount of profit to cover overhead and living expenses. With any objective, the time factor is crucial. What is an appropriate objective for the short-term may not be for the long-term and vice-versa.
Marketers are concerned with all the factors affecting price, in order to keep their products from faring poorly in a widely variable atmosphere. Even in service areas such as passenger fares and freight rates, where detailed prices are printed and distributed, influences may cause fluctuation. The marketing manager knows that the costs of the separate elements of the marketing mix can be recovered by proper pricing. The cost of the product itself—the promotion and selling associated with it, the distribution expenses, and profit — are all directly related to price. Thus price knits together the elements of the marketing mix and pays for their respective contributions. The marketing manager must analyze and reconcile the various elements of those variables which influence price, and must then decide on an optimal price policy.
The most fundamental part of any marketing analysis is the recognition of the competitive structure of the industry. Where there are many competitors offering the same type of product, price competition will be active. When there are great numbers of similar offerings, products tend to lose their individuality. Then differentia¬tion becomes difficult, and marketers have little discretionary power to influence prices. It is in this circumstance that marketers and mer¬chants alike look to sales techniques. Disposing of goods at reduced prices draws attention to the specific brand, in the hope that customers will continue to buy when prices return to «normal.»
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Proper pricing can …
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Price, along with product, place, and promotion, are the variables that the marketing manager controls. Pricing is extremely important since it so directly affects an organization`s sales and profits. Naturally, profit objectives will guide pricing decisions. The marketing manager has to decide whether to maximize profits or establish a target return. A particular target might be a certain percentage return on sales or a certain percentage return on investment or, for a small family operation, the return might be a fixed dollar amount of profit to cover overhead and living expenses. With any objective, the time factor is crucial. What is an appropriate objective for the short-term may not be for the long-term and vice-versa.
Marketers are concerned with all the factors affecting price, in order to keep their products from faring poorly in a widely variable atmosphere. Even in service areas such as passenger fares and freight rates, where detailed prices are printed and distributed, influences may cause fluctuation. The marketing manager knows that the costs of the separate elements of the marketing mix can be recovered by proper pricing. The cost of the product itself—the promotion and selling associated with it, the distribution expenses, and profit — are all directly related to price. Thus price knits together the elements of the marketing mix and pays for their respective contributions. The marketing manager must analyze and reconcile the various elements of those variables which influence price, and must then decide on an optimal price policy.
The most fundamental part of any marketing analysis is the recognition of the competitive structure of the industry. Where there are many competitors offering the same type of product, price competition will be active. When there are great numbers of similar offerings, products tend to lose their individuality. Then differentia¬tion becomes difficult, and marketers have little discretionary power to influence prices. It is in this circumstance that marketers and mer¬chants alike look to sales techniques. Disposing of goods at reduced prices draws attention to the specific brand, in the hope that customers will continue to buy when prices return to «normal.»
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When do marketers start looking for new selling techniques?
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Banks are among the most important financial institutions. The way in which a bank is organized and operates is determined by its objectives. The first and the most important function of a central bank is to accept responsibility for advising the government on the making of the country’s financial policy, and then to see that it is carried out. The aim of commercial banks is to earn profit. Over the years banks have developed organizational forms, or structures, designed to perform these various roles and to supply the services their customers demand.
A commercial bank which provides the same range of services year after year is less likely to be successful. Successful competing in the constantly changing global business environment requires market-driven strategies that are responsive to customers’ needs and wants. Executives who do not recognize the changes occurring in the vast array of markets for products and services will not be able to cope with the unprecedented competitive pressure in the market place. To improve competitive advantages they are drastically altering their business and marketing strategies which may include downsizing, repositioning, market segmentation, altering the business portfolio, pricing, promotion and strategic alliances between companies. With the global increase in the number of competitors banks face in their major markets, more and more banking firms have become market-driven and more alert to the changing service demands of their customers and also to the challenges posed by bank and nonbank competitors.
This trend forced bank managers to become more concerned with service marketing activities and with profitability and growth.
Banks are usually organized to follow their functions and supply the services as efficiently as possible. Moreover, as larger banks generally offer more services, a bank’s size is also a significant factor in determining how banks are organized.
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Bank organization is determined by …
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Banks are among the most important financial institutions. The way in which a bank is organized and operates is determined by its objectives. The first and the most important function of a central bank is to accept responsibility for advising the government on the making of the country’s financial policy, and then to see that it is carried out. The aim of commercial banks is to earn profit. Over the years banks have developed organizational forms, or structures, designed to perform these various roles and to supply the services their customers demand.
A commercial bank which provides the same range of services year after year is less likely to be successful. Successful competing in the constantly changing global business environment requires market-driven strategies that are responsive to customers’ needs and wants. Executives who do not recognize the changes occurring in the vast array of markets for products and services will not be able to cope with the unprecedented competitive pressure in the market place. To improve competitive advantages they are drastically altering their business and marketing strategies which may include downsizing, repositioning, market segmentation, altering the business portfolio, pricing, promotion and strategic alliances between companies. With the global increase in the number of competitors banks face in their major markets, more and more banking firms have become market-driven and more alert to the changing service demands of their customers and also to the challenges posed by bank and nonbank competitors.
This trend forced bank managers to become more concerned with service marketing activities and with profitability and growth.
Banks are usually organized to follow their functions and supply the services as efficiently as possible. Moreover, as larger banks generally offer more services, a bank’s size is also a significant factor in determining how banks are organized.
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According to the text, the aims of a central bank and commercial banks are…
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Banks are among the most important financial institutions. The way in which a bank is organized and operates is determined by its objectives. The first and the most important function of a central bank is to accept responsibility for advising the government on the making of the country’s financial policy, and then to see that it is carried out. The aim of commercial banks is to earn profit. Over the years banks have developed organizational forms, or structures, designed to perform these various roles and to supply the services their customers demand.
A commercial bank which provides the same range of services year after year is less likely to be successful. Successful competing in the constantly changing global business environment requires market-driven strategies that are responsive to customers’ needs and wants. Executives who do not recognize the changes occurring in the vast array of markets for products and services will not be able to cope with the unprecedented competitive pressure in the market place. To improve competitive advantages they are drastically altering their business and marketing strategies which may include downsizing, repositioning, market segmentation, altering the business portfolio, pricing, promotion and strategic alliances between companies. With the global increase in the number of competitors banks face in their major markets, more and more banking firms have become market-driven and more alert to the changing service demands of their customers and also to the challenges posed by bank and nonbank competitors.
This trend forced bank managers to become more concerned with service marketing activities and with profitability and growth.
Banks are usually organized to follow their functions and supply the services as efficiently as possible. Moreover, as larger banks generally offer more services, a bank’s size is also a significant factor in determining how banks are organized.
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Successful competition in the market of bank services presupposes …
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Banks are among the most important financial institutions. The way in which a bank is organized and operates is determined by its objectives. The first and the most important function of a central bank is to accept responsibility for advising the government on the making of the country’s financial policy, and then to see that it is carried out. The aim of commercial banks is to earn profit. Over the years banks have developed organizational forms, or structures, designed to perform these various roles and to supply the services their customers demand.
A commercial bank which provides the same range of services year after year is less likely to be successful. Successful competing in the constantly changing global business environment requires market-driven strategies that are responsive to customers’ needs and wants. Executives who do not recognize the changes occurring in the vast array of markets for products and services will not be able to cope with the unprecedented competitive pressure in the market place. To improve competitive advantages they are drastically altering their business and marketing strategies which may include downsizing, repositioning, market segmentation, altering the business portfolio, pricing, promotion and strategic alliances between companies. With the global increase in the number of competitors banks face in their major markets, more and more banking firms have become market-driven and more alert to the changing service demands of their customers and also to the challenges posed by bank and nonbank competitors.
This trend forced bank managers to become more concerned with service marketing activities and with profitability and growth.
Banks are usually organized to follow their functions and supply the services as efficiently as possible. Moreover, as larger banks generally offer more services, a bank’s size is also a significant factor in determining how banks are organized.
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To cope with competitive pressure in the market place bank executives should…