Выберите правильный перевод выделенного модального глагола
The buyers must have money to spend and the willingness to spend it.
Выберите правильный перевод выделенного модального глагола
A concept for a product or service may develop long before any marketing research is done, or it may be a response to identifying need.
Выберите правильный перевод выделенного модального глагола
They could have launched their new product 3 months ago.
Выберите правильный перевод выделенного модального глагола
They must have sold everything.
Выберите правильный перевод выделенного модального глагола
There may be a delay in solving this problem.
Выберите правильный перевод выделенного модального глагола
You needn’t have sent the fax. I sent them e-mail yesterday.
Выберите правильный перевод выделенного модального глагола
He had to do it yesterday.
Выберите правильный перевод выделенного модального глагола
They might still be doing that business.
Выберите правильный перевод выделенного модального глагола
You ought to use new methods in advertising
Выберите правильный перевод выделенного модального глагола
You should have bought meat instead of sausages.
Выберите правильный перевод выделенного модального глагола
You were to come to our meeting, but you didn’t.
Выберите правильный перевод выделенного модального глагола
What time are you to meet the president?
Выберите правильный перевод выделенного модального глагола
You need to go there as soon as possible.
Выберите правильный перевод выделенного модального глагола
The company could not have launched the entirely new product.
Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению
Don’t forget you … to meet me at the station.
Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению
You …find him in the library.
Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению
He hasn’t come , he … have forgotten about our appointment.
Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению
The film … to begin at 5 o’clock.
Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению
I … to stay at home yesterday.
Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению
We … try to find the solution to the problem.
Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению
She isn’t in. She … be out for lunch.
Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению
You … to read this book in the original.
Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению
He is late. The car … have broken down again.
Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению
You …help me. I can do it myself.
Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению
She … to join them tomorrow.
Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению
You … have told me about it.
Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению
The train … to leave at 11 a.m.
Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению
He … buy a newspaper because the shop was closed.
Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению
He asked me if he… use my phone.
Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению
Sometimes customs clearance … be difficult to obtain.
Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению
If we outsourced more we … save a lot of money.
Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению
Their product … be selling very well, otherwise the company would not have increased the production.
Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению
Scrutiny … reveal opportunities to increase sales.
Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению
The company … have launched the entirely new product.
Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению
I can’t find my book. I … have lost it somewhere.
Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению
I shall … to do it tomorrow.
Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению
You … have come earlier. The professor has already made his report.
Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению
He … have asked such a foolish question.
Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению
She …to take an exam tomorrow.
Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению
They … be late if there is a traffic jam.
Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению
We will … to dance till morning.
Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению
They … to meet at the restaurant, but she did not come.
Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению
Who … to go on business to Berlin?
Выберите модальный глагол, соответствующий предложению
I … to go to the bank yesterday to get some money.
Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выберите единственно правильный ответ к поставленному вопросу.
The transfer of goods from one person to another was probably one of our earliest social acts. Whether through violence or barter, this transfer established that few people can satisfy all their desires alone. The inability to produce everything desired creates reliance on others for both necessities and luxuries. As societies grow more complex, so does the transfer of goods.
As society and production expanded, so did the limits of trade, the range of goods, and the distance between the traders. It became increasingly difficult for the producers to locate each other and arrange mutually satisfactory exchanges without the help of interme¬diaries or «middlemen.» These intermediaries, in the role of bringing together interested parties, must perform a variety of tasks which can be called marketing.
As defined by the American Marketing Association, marketing is «the performance of business activities directed toward, and incident to, the flow of goods and services from producer to consumer or user » Marketing, therefore, is made up of such physical activities as transporting, distributing, storing, and selling goods, and of the decisions which must be reached by individuals or groups who want to move goods from production to use. Of course, not all producers engage in every marketing activity. The local carpenter in Guatemala or the supermarket manager in Japan does not do product planning; most retail stores around the world have few or no storage facilities. However, most products are repeatedly subjected to all marketing operations. In addition to an analysis of these activities, marketing involves understanding the consumer circumstances and attitudes that determine why certain people want certain products.
The transfer of goods took place because:
Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выберите единственно правильный ответ к поставленному вопросу.
The transfer of goods from one person to another was probably one of our earliest social acts. Whether through violence or barter, this transfer established that few people can satisfy all their desires alone. The inability to produce everything desired creates reliance on others for both necessities and luxuries. As societies grow more complex, so does the transfer of goods.
As society and production expanded, so did the limits of trade, the range of goods, and the distance between the traders. It became increasingly difficult for the producers to locate each other and arrange mutually satisfactory exchanges without the help of interme¬diaries or «middlemen.» These intermediaries, in the role of bringing together interested parties, must perform a variety of tasks which can be called marketing.
As defined by the American Marketing Association, marketing is «the performance of business activities directed toward, and incident to, the flow of goods and services from producer to consumer or user » Marketing, therefore, is made up of such physical activities as transporting, distributing, storing, and selling goods, and of the decisions which must be reached by individuals or groups who want to move goods from production to use. Of course, not all producers engage in every marketing activity. The local carpenter in Guatemala or the supermarket manager in Japan does not do product planning; most retail stores around the world have few or no storage facilities. However, most products are repeatedly subjected to all marketing operations. In addition to an analysis of these activities, marketing involves understanding the consumer circumstances and attitudes that determine why certain people want certain products.
What is the role of an intermediary?
Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выберите единственно правильный ответ к поставленному вопросу.
The transfer of goods from one person to another was probably one of our earliest social acts. Whether through violence or barter, this transfer established that few people can satisfy all their desires alone. The inability to produce everything desired creates reliance on others for both necessities and luxuries. As societies grow more complex, so does the transfer of goods.
As society and production expanded, so did the limits of trade, the range of goods, and the distance between the traders. It became increasingly difficult for the producers to locate each other and arrange mutually satisfactory exchanges without the help of interme¬diaries or «middlemen.» These intermediaries, in the role of bringing together interested parties, must perform a variety of tasks which can be called marketing.
As defined by the American Marketing Association, marketing is «the performance of business activities directed toward, and incident to, the flow of goods and services from producer to consumer or user » Marketing, therefore, is made up of such physical activities as transporting, distributing, storing, and selling goods, and of the decisions which must be reached by individuals or groups who want to move goods from production to use. Of course, not all producers engage in every marketing activity. The local carpenter in Guatemala or the supermarket manager in Japan does not do product planning; most retail stores around the world have few or no storage facilities. However, most products are repeatedly subjected to all marketing operations. In addition to an analysis of these activities, marketing involves understanding the consumer circumstances and attitudes that determine why certain people want certain products.
Marketing is:
Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выберите единственно правильный ответ к поставленному вопросу.
Whether designing new products, redesigning old ones, or improving established ones, there are certain basic objectives. One of the goals should be to benefit the consumer, as well as the producer. The product should be designed to function as efficiently as possible in relation to its price and use. Additional uses and styles should be incorporated to supplement the basic value. Take watches, for example. This element of variation increases the functions of the product as well as attracting particular segments of the market. Some design elements, such as more jewels or special bands, may add nothing to the basic utility of the watch. They will, however, add to sales appeal at the point of purchase and further expand the potential market.
One of the vital factors in merchandising is the ability to cope with fashion. This element is basic to all kinds of products and services, from clothing to entertainment. Sometimes the marketer`s job is almost entirely to gauge fashion trends. Fashion is a manifestation of group psychology and is difficult to predict.
Quality is a judgment made by both manufacturers and cus¬tomers. Educated consumers consider more than comparative prices. While marketers are not directly involved in production activities, they do receive the feedback on product acceptance. For this reason, quality control is important to the entire merchandising process. Questions of quality are thus carefully considered in the process of deciding what to buy and what to sell.
The product is to be designed:
Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выберите единственно правильный ответ к поставленному вопросу.
Whether designing new products, redesigning old ones, or improving established ones, there are certain basic objectives. One of the goals should be to benefit the consumer, as well as the producer. The product should be designed to function as efficiently as possible in relation to its price and use. Additional uses and styles should be incorporated to supplement the basic value. Take watches, for example. This element of variation increases the functions of the product as well as attracting particular segments of the market. Some design elements, such as more jewels or special bands, may add nothing to the basic utility of the watch. They will, however, add to sales appeal at the point of purchase and further expand the potential market.
One of the vital factors in merchandising is the ability to cope with fashion. This element is basic to all kinds of products and services, from clothing to entertainment. Sometimes the marketer`s job is almost entirely to gauge fashion trends. Fashion is a manifestation of group psychology and is difficult to predict.
Quality is a judgment made by both manufacturers and cus¬tomers. Educated consumers consider more than comparative prices. While marketers are not directly involved in production activities, they do receive the feedback on product acceptance. For this reason, quality control is important to the entire merchandising process. Questions of quality are thus carefully considered in the process of deciding what to buy and what to sell.
Why is it the marketer’s job to gauge fashion trends?
Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выберите единственно правильный ответ к поставленному вопросу.
Whether designing new products, redesigning old ones, or improving established ones, there are certain basic objectives. One of the goals should be to benefit the consumer, as well as the producer. The product should be designed to function as efficiently as possible in relation to its price and use. Additional uses and styles should be incorporated to supplement the basic value. Take watches, for example. This element of variation increases the functions of the product as well as attracting particular segments of the market. Some design elements, such as more jewels or special bands, may add nothing to the basic utility of the watch. They will, however, add to sales appeal at the point of purchase and further expand the potential market.
One of the vital factors in merchandising is the ability to cope with fashion. This element is basic to all kinds of products and services, from clothing to entertainment. Sometimes the marketer`s job is almost entirely to gauge fashion trends. Fashion is a manifestation of group psychology and is difficult to predict.
Quality is a judgment made by both manufacturers and cus¬tomers. Educated consumers consider more than comparative prices. While marketers are not directly involved in production activities, they do receive the feedback on product acceptance. For this reason, quality control is important to the entire merchandising process. Questions of quality are thus carefully considered in the process of deciding what to buy and what to sell.
The feedback on product acceptance is important for:
Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выберите единственно правильный ответ к поставленному вопросу.
When deciding questions of diversification and simplification, marketers must also look at the potential size of a market, at the financial position and practices of their firm, and at the resources available. All these elements influence the breadth of the product line. Determining where to position particular products is an impor¬tant marketing decision.
An item such as deodorant may be introduced specifically as a men`s or women`s product, but later may be repositioned as a family product. In addition to positioning with respect to consumer seg¬ments, marketing managers position their products with respect to the competition. A magazine publisher may wish to position a publication so as to challenge the leader in a given market. Changes in format, emphasis, or editorial policy can appeal to the same consumer interests that buy the leader If, in this example, the result is also to appeal to a market which is more affluent and more quality-conscious, the price will be raised. This process is known as trading up.
Another aspect of product policy, particularly relevant to con¬sumer goods marketers, deals with brands. Branding is commonly used by marketers to influence consumers` perceptions and is closely related to the issue of positioning. It identifies merchandise and differentiates it from competing products. The marketer hopes for sales stability due to consumer loyalty to the brand. Ideally, this occurs when consumers are so satisfied with the merchandise that they note and remember the brand. When a manufacturer sells more than one product, there is a brand choice issue. A firm which merchandises many types of soap may choose individual brands for each of its products. The hand soap, dish detergent, clothes detergent, and scouring powder will all be labeled with different brand names.
The breadth of the product line of a company depends on:
Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выберите единственно правильный ответ к поставленному вопросу.
When deciding questions of diversification and simplification, marketers must also look at the potential size of a market, at the financial position and practices of their firm, and at the resources available. All these elements influence the breadth of the product line. Determining where to position particular products is an impor¬tant marketing decision.
An item such as deodorant may be introduced specifically as a men`s or women`s product, but later may be repositioned as a family product. In addition to positioning with respect to consumer seg¬ments, marketing managers position their products with respect to the competition. A magazine publisher may wish to position a publication so as to challenge the leader in a given market. Changes in format, emphasis, or editorial policy can appeal to the same consumer interests that buy the leader If, in this example, the result is also to appeal to a market which is more affluent and more quality-conscious, the price will be raised. This process is known as trading up.
Another aspect of product policy, particularly relevant to con¬sumer goods marketers, deals with brands. Branding is commonly used by marketers to influence consumers` perceptions and is closely related to the issue of positioning. It identifies merchandise and differentiates it from competing products. The marketer hopes for sales stability due to consumer loyalty to the brand. Ideally, this occurs when consumers are so satisfied with the merchandise that they note and remember the brand. When a manufacturer sells more than one product, there is a brand choice issue. A firm which merchandises many types of soap may choose individual brands for each of its products. The hand soap, dish detergent, clothes detergent, and scouring powder will all be labeled with different brand names.
What is trading up?
Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Выберите единственно правильный ответ к поставленному вопросу.
When deciding questions of diversification and simplification, marketers must also look at the potential size of a market, at the financial position and practices of their firm, and at the resources available. All these elements influence the breadth of the product line. Determining where to position particular products is an impor¬tant marketing decision.
An item such as deodorant may be introduced specifically as a men`s or women`s product, but later may be repositioned as a family product. In addition to positioning with respect to consumer seg¬ments, marketing managers position their products with respect to the competition. A magazine publisher may wish to position a publication so as to challenge the leader in a given market. Changes in format, emphasis, or editorial policy can appeal to the same consumer interests that buy the leader If, in this example, the result is also to appeal to a market which is more affluent and more quality-conscious, the price will be raised. This process is known as trading up.
Another aspect of product policy, particularly relevant to con¬sumer goods marketers, deals with brands. Branding is commonly used by marketers to influence consumers` perceptions and is closely related to the issue of positioning. It identifies merchandise and differentiates it from competing products. The marketer hopes for sales stability due to consumer loyalty to the brand. Ideally, this occurs when consumers are so satisfied with the merchandise that they note and remember the brand. When a manufacturer sells more than one product, there is a brand choice issue. A firm which merchandises many types of soap may choose individual brands for each of its products. The hand soap, dish detergent, clothes detergent, and scouring powder will all be labeled with different brand names.
What is the purpose of branding?